Linear discriminant analysis is a method you can use when you have a set of predictor variables and you’d like to classify a response variable into two or more classes.
This tutorial provides a step-by-step example of how to perform linear discriminant analysis in Python.
Step 1: Load Necessary Libraries
First, we’ll load the necessary functions and libraries for this example:
from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split
from sklearn.model_selection import RepeatedStratifiedKFold
from sklearn.model_selection import cross_val_score
from sklearn.discriminant_analysis import LinearDiscriminantAnalysis
from sklearn import datasets
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import pandas as pd
import numpy as np Step 2: Load the Data
For this example, we’ll use the iris dataset from the sklearn library. The following code shows how to load this dataset and convert it to a pandas DataFrame to make it easy to work with:
#load iris dataset iris = datasets.load_iris() #convert dataset to pandas DataFrame df = pd.DataFrame(data = np.c_[iris['data'], iris['target']], columns = iris['feature_names'] + ['target']) df['species'] = pd.Categorical.from_codes(iris.target, iris.target_names) df.columns = ['s_length', 's_width', 'p_length', 'p_width', 'target', 'species'] #view first six rows of DataFrame df.head() s_length s_width p_length p_width target species 0 5.1 3.5 1.4 0.2 0.0 setosa 1 4.9 3.0 1.4 0.2 0.0 setosa 2 4.7 3.2 1.3 0.2 0.0 setosa 3 4.6 3.1 1.5 0.2 0.0 setosa 4 5.0 3.6 1.4 0.2 0.0 setosa #find how many total observations are in dataset len(df.index) 150
We can see that the dataset contains 150 total observations.
For this example we’ll build a linear discriminant analysis model to classify which species a given flower belongs to.
We’ll use the following predictor variables in the model:
- Sepal length
- Sepal width
- Petal length
- Petal width
And we’ll use them to predict the response variable Species, which takes on the following three potential classes:
- setosa
- versicolor
- virginica
Step 3: Fit the LDA Model
Next, we’ll fit the LDA model to our data using the LinearDiscriminantAnalsyis function from sklearn:
#define predictor and response variables X = df[['s_length', 's_width', 'p_length', 'p_width']] y = df['species'] #Fit the LDA model model = LinearDiscriminantAnalysis() model.fit(X, y)
Step 4: Use the Model to Make Predictions
Once we’ve fit the model using our data, we can evaluate how well the model performed by using repeated stratified k-fold cross validation.
For this example, we’ll use 10 folds and 3 repeats:
#Define method to evaluate model
cv = RepeatedStratifiedKFold(n_splits=10, n_repeats=3, random_state=1)
#evaluate model
scores = cross_val_score(model, X, y, scoring='accuracy', cv=cv, n_jobs=-1)
print(np.mean(scores))
0.9777777777777779 We can see that the model performed a mean accuracy of 97.78%.
We can also use the model to predict which class a new flower belongs to, based on input values:
#define new observation new = [5, 3, 1, .4] #predict which class the new observation belongs to model.predict([new]) array(['setosa'], dtype='
We can see that the model predicts this new observation to belong to the species called setosa.
Step 5: Visualize the Results
Lastly, we can create an LDA plot to view the linear discriminants of the model and visualize how well it separated the three different species in our dataset:
#define data to plot X = iris.data y = iris.target model = LinearDiscriminantAnalysis() data_plot = model.fit(X, y).transform(X) target_names = iris.target_names #create LDA plot plt.figure() colors = ['red', 'green', 'blue'] lw = 2 for color, i, target_name in zip(colors, [0, 1, 2], target_names): plt.scatter(data_plot[y == i, 0], data_plot[y == i, 1], alpha=.8, color=color, label=target_name) #add legend to plot plt.legend(loc='best', shadow=False, scatterpoints=1) #display LDA plot plt.show()
You can find the complete Python code used in this tutorial here.