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Roman Numerals

Ancient Romans used a special notation to represent the numbers is known as roman numerals. It is an ancient way of writing numbers that originated in ancient Rome.

The Romans had developed roman numerals for trading purposes so that they can price different goods and services. At the present time, the roman numbers were used throughout the Roman Empire in daily life.

Roman Numerals Symbol

There are seven different letters to represent roman numerals. These letters are used to make thousands of numbers. We can write roman numerals in uppercase and lowercase letters. The following table represents the number and corresponding roman numerals in upper and lowercase letters.

Arabic Number	1	5	10	50	100	500	100
Uppercase Representation	I	V	X	L	C	D	M
Lowercase Representation	i	v	x	l	c	d	m

Basic Combinations of Roman Numerals

1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9
I	II	III	IV	V	VI	VII	VIII	IX

10	20	30	40	50	60	70	80	90
X	XX	XXX	XL	L	LX	LXX	LXXX	XC

100	200	300	400	500	600	700	800	900
C	CC	CCC	CD	D	DC	DCC	DCCC	CM

Note: There is no symbol for zero.

Rules of Conversion

• The symbol is added if the symbol appears after a larger or equal symbol. Consider the following example:
  
  VIII = V + III = 5 + 3 = 8

  It means that the symbol III (three) appears after the symbol V (five) and V is larger than III, so we have added the symbol.
  Consider another example:

  LVI = L + V + I = 50 + 5 + 1 = 56

  In the above example, the symbol V and I appear after the symbol L and L is larger than V and I, so we have added the symbol.

• The symbol is subtracted if the symbol appears before a larger symbol. Consider the following example:
  
  IV = V – I = 5 – 1 = 4

  In the above example, the symbol I appear before the larger symbol V. It means we have to subtract the symbol I form the symbol V. Therefore, the symbol IV represents 4.
  Consider another example:

  XLIV = L – X + V – I = 50 -10 + 5 – 1 = 44

  Let’s understand the above example carefully.
  In the above example, there are four symbol X, L, I, V, having values 10, 50, 1, and 5, respectively. The symbol L is the largest symbol among them. The symbol X appears before the symbol L, so we have to subtract the symbol X from the symbol L. It means:

  L – X = 50 -10 = 40

  Similarly, the symbol I appears before the symbol V, so we have to subtract the symbol I from the symbol V. It means:

  V – I = 5 -1 = 4

  Now we will add 4 to the 40 because the value 4 appears after the larger symbol. Therefore, the symbol XLIV represents the number 44.

Remember: In roman numerals, the same symbol does not use more than three times in a row. For example, we cannot use IIII to represent the 4. But in clocks, it is used.

Convert a Number into Roman Numerals

If we want to convert a number into Roman numeral, we should follow the steps given below

• First, break the given number into thousands, hundreds, tens, and
• Write the corresponding roman numerals.
• Combine the whole roman numerals.

Let’s understand the above steps through an example.

Example: Convert 1792 into roman numerals.

Break the 1792 into thousands, hundreds, tens and ones.

Write the corresponding roman numerals, separately.

Combine the whole numeral numbers.

Representation of Large Roman Numerals

If the number is greater than 1,000, draw a bar or line over the symbol. It represents that the number is 1000 times. It is not widely used.

For example, if we want to represent 5,000 in the roman numeral, first write the roman representation of 5 that is V and draw a bar over the symbol that is v. The symbol v represents 5,000.

Similarly, we can put a bar on any roman numeral to represent a big number. In the following list, we have listed some large numbers.

Consider the above table:

M represents the 1,000, and the bar represents 1000 times of the number. It means 1000 times of the 1,000 i.e. 1,000,000. So, the symbol M represents the ten lakhs in roman numeral.

Zero and Fractions

In roman numerals, fractions were usually used in currency. The most commonly used fractions were twelfths and halves. A dot (•) represents the twelfth. It is known as uncia. The Latin letter S represents a half, which means semis.

Remember that there is no roman numeral to represent zero. It is because the roman numerals developed for trading, and there was no need to represent zero. They were used a Latin word nulla to represent the zero.

Uses of Roman Numerals

Roman numerals are used in our daily life. We can find it in the following places:

• It is used in books to represent page numbers of primary pages.
• It is used in fancy clocks and watches.
• It is also used in sequels of films, books, and games.
• To represent the historical events. For example, World War II.
• The Monarchs are usually numbered in romans. For example, Louis XIV of France.
• Royal families also use this system to represent their names if the two people have the same name in the family. For example, in a family, the son’s name is Paul Jones, and his father and grandfather were also named Paul Jones, then the name will be Paul Jones I (grandfather), Paul Jones II (father), and Paul Jones III (son).

Roman Numerals Chart

1	I	26	XXVI	51	LI	76	LXXVI
2	II	27	XXVII	52	LII	77	LXXVII
3	III	28	XXVIII	53	LIII	78	LXXVIII
4	IV	29	XXIX	54	LIV	79	LXXIX
5	V	30	XXX	55	LV	80	LXXX
6	VI	31	XXXI	56	LVI	81	LXXXI
7	VII	32	XXXII	57	LVII	82	LXXXII
8	VIII	33	XXXIII	58	LVIII	83	LXXXIII
9	IX	34	XXXIV	59	LIX	84	LXXXIV
10	X	35	XXXV	60	LX	85	LXXXV
11	XI	36	XXXVI	61	LXI	86	LXXXVI
12	XII	37	XXXVII	62	LXII	87	LXXXVII
13	XIII	38	XXXVIII	63	LXIII	88	LXXXVIII
14	XIV	39	XXXIX	64	LXIV	89	LXXXIX
15	XV	40	XL	65	LXV	90	XC
16	XVI	41	XLI	66	LXVI	91	XCI
17	XVII	42	XLII	67	LXVII	92	XCII
18	XVIII	43	XLIII	68	LXVIII	93	XCIII
19	XIX	44	XLIV	69	LXIX	94	XCIV
20	XX	45	XLV	70	LXX	95	XCV
21	XXI	46	XLVI	71	LXXI	96	XCVI
22	XXII	47	XLVII	72	LXXII	97	XCVII
23	XXIII	48	XLVIII	73	LXXIII	98	XCVIII
24	XXIV	49	XLIX	74	LXXIV	99	XCIX
25	XXV	50	L	75	LXXV	100	C

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