SAS Functions
In this topic, we are going to discuss the SAS functions. Functions allow us to do extensive manipulation in data and existing data sets of SAS.
SAS provides a wide variety of built-in functions that are used in data processing and analysis. We use these functions as a part of the DATA statements.
A function accepts variables as arguments and provides a result, and this result can be stored into another variable. The number of arguments can vary, on the basis of the type of the function. Some functions accept a fixed number of arguments while some accept zero arguments
Syntax:
To implement a function, use the following syntax:
Where,
FUNCTIONNAME: It is the name of the SAS built-in function.
Argument: It is the value provided to the function so that it can take instructional action. The argument can be a variable, constant expression, or another function.
Depending on the data type, functions are categorized in the following categories:
- CharacterFunctions
- Date and TimeFunctions
- MathematicalFunctions
- TruncationFunctions
- MiscellaneousFunctions
Character Functions
Character functions are used to manipulate character or string values.
Following are the various SAS built-in character functions used to manipulate string values:
- UPCASE: It converts all the letters of string into the upper case.
- LOWCASE: It converts all the letters of string into the lower case.
- PROPCASE: It converts each first letter of the string into the upper case.
- REVERSE: It is used to reverse the string letters.
- SCAN: It returns the string value of a particular index.
Example:
Execute the above code in SAS Studio:
Output:
Date and Time Functions
Date and time functions are used to process date and time values.
Following are the various SAS built-in Date and Time functions used to manipulate date and time values:
- INTCK: It is used to count the total number of years or months between dates.
- Weekday: It is used to display the weekday on a particular date.
- Today: It returns the current date in SAS date format.
- Time: It returns the current time in SAS time format.
Example:
Execute the above code in SAS Studio:
Output:
Mathematical Functions:
Mathematical Functions are used to apply mathematical calculations on the numeric or variable values.
Following are the SAS built-in Mathematical Functions used to perform calculations on numeric values:
- MAX: It returns the maximum value among variable values.
- MIN: It returns the minimum value among variable values.
- MEDIAN: It returns the median value by calculating all variable values.
- RANUNI: It returns random value.
- SQRT: It returns the square root value of the sum of all variable values.
Example:
Execute the above code in SAS Studio:
Output:
Truncation Functions
Truncation Functions are used to truncate numeric values. Following are the SAS built-in Truncation functions used to perform truncation on the integer values.
- Ceil: It returns the greatest nearest value of the integer value.
- Floor: It returns the smallest nearest value of the integer value.
- Int: It returns the numeric portion or the digits left side to the decimal number.
- Round: It returns the nearest value of the integer value.
Example:
Execute the above code in SAS Studio:
Output:
Miscellaneous Functions
Let’s now understand two miscellaneous functions of SAS which are usually used.
- ZIPSTATE
- MORT
ZIPSTATE
It returns the upper-case two-letter state postal code (or global GSA geographic code for U.S. territories) that corresponds to its five-digit ZIP state code.
Example:
Here we are taking zipstate code 27511 which corresponds to global GSA geographic code NC for U.S. territories.
Execute the above code in SAS Studio:
Output:
Mort
It returns amortization parameters.
Syntax:
Where,
a: It is a numeric value which specifies the initial amount.
p: It is a numeric value which specifies the periodic payment.
r: It is a numeric value which specifies the periodic interest rate, which is expressed as a fraction.
n: It is an integer value which specifies the number of compounding periods.
Example:
The amount of ₹ 50,000 is borrowed for 30 years at an annual interest rate of 10 percent. It compounded monthly. So, the monthly payments can be expressed as follows:
Execute the above code in SAS Studio:
Output:
