Answer: (d) Approach about the natural world and the impact of humans on its integrity.

Explanation: Environmental studies deal with the issues that affect the life of a living organism. It can be various factors that relates to the natural world and the human impact on it.

The other three options are related to material science, general studies, and environmental science.

Answer: (c) It was established in 1916 to do an organized survey of fauna in India.

Explanation: Zoological Survey of India was established on July 1, 1916. It was founded to promote the research and survey of the fauna in India. ZSI has millions of specimens till date. The collection of specimens by the ZSI is considered the largest collection in Asia.

Answer: (a) Stratosphere

Explanation: The ozone present absorbs UV light in the stratosphere. It is the most important aspect of the atmosphere that makes life possible on Earth.

Answer: (c) 33%

Explanation: India has a current forest land of about 12%. The ideal forest land area is 33%, while in hills and mountains it is around 45%. It means the estimated forest land in mountains and hills should e two-third. Thus, India needs to increase the forest land to increase the forest cover.

Answer: (a) India and China

Explanation: The dams act as a storage space for floods. It reduces the effect of the flood on millions of people. It is also suggested that around 40% of the irrigated land depends on dams.

Answer: (d) Coal, clay, cement, silica

Explanation: Non-metallic minerals do not have metals or fuel as their source.

Answer: (c) Both (a) and (b)

Explanation: The usage of traditional growing crop methods lowers the chance of complete failure of the crops. The research and studies have also shown that using alternatives to inorganic fertilizers and pesticides can also reduce crop failure chances. It is defined as Integrated Crop Management.

Answer: (b) Wheat, Rice, Maize

Explanation: The three essential edible species that constitute about 60% of the world’s food energy intake are wheat, rice, and maize. The large producers of these three edible species in India are Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, and Madhya Pradesh.

Answer: (b) reducing the rate of surface run-off water.

Explanation: The reduction of the surface run-off water rate is the function of the forest. The role of sustainable water management is to organize campaigns to increase awareness of water scarcity.

Answer: (b) Oil

Explanation: Coal was the largest energy source round the 19th century. But, today, oil is considered the largest source of commercial energy consumption. It constitutes around 39%. Coal has a percentage of energy consumption around 24%.

Answer: (a) Ethanol and methanol

Explanation: Biofuels or liquid fuels use two forms of alcohol namely ethanol and methanol.

Answer: (d) Fibrous waste of the sugar industry

Explanation: Fibrous waste is a by-product that is obtained after the juice is extracted from the sugar cane. It is also termed as Bagasse.

Answer: (d) All of the above

Explanation: The Ecosystem comprises of the living and non-living parts that are linked to each other. The functional aspects of the ecosystem are nutrient cycles, food chains, and energy cycles.

Answer: (b) Decomposers

Explanation: Decomposers are the group of small animals, such as bacteria, worms, etc. It breaks down the dead organic material into simple smaller substances.

Answer: (a) The species whose elimination can seriously affect the ecosystem.

Explanation: Extinction occurs due to various human activities, such as deforestation, draining wetlands, etc. The elimination of some species can harm the ecosystem. Such species are called keystone species.

Hence, the correct answer is an option (a).

Answer: (d) None of the above

Explanation: The ecosystem is disrupted due to human activities, which results in the depletion of ground water, extinction of species, decrease of forest area, and many more.

Hence, the correct option is answer (d).

Answer: (b) Carbon

Explanation: Carbon is a basic building block of both animals and plants tissue. Carbon occurs in the atmosphere in the form of carbon dioxide.

Answer: (a) Deforestation

Explanation: Deforestation is the activity of removing trees for commercial purposes. The decrease of plants and trees adversely affects oxygen levels. Hence, deforestation reduces the amount of oxygen present in the atmosphere.

Answer: (c) Food web

Explanation: The interlinked chains in an ecosystem together form a food web, which is a basic part of an ecosystem. If the links are disturbed due to any human activities, it can result in loss of various species of an ecosystem.

Answer: (b) Coniferous forests

Explanation: Coniferous forests grow in regions where the temperature is low. The leaves of these forests are needle-like with downward sloping branches. It makes the snow easily slip off from the trees.

Answer: (c) Gums and resins

Explanation: The other three options are the direct use of forest products. Gums and resins are the processes product from the trees. Hence, it is an indirect forest product.

Answer: (d) All of the above

Explanation: Forests control the flow of water, reduces the surface run-off water, prevent the soil erosion, and regulates the local temperature.

Hence, the correct answer is an option (d).

Answer: (b) Extinction of species

Explanation: Extinction of species is a result due to increasing human activities. The increased use of wood, fuel woods, mining, and building dams has led to the forests’ rapid shrinking.

Answer: (d) All of the above

Explanation: Bees, moths, and butterflies are the insects that live and breed in the forest area. The degradation of the forest area results in the decrease of these insects in abundance.

Answer: (b) Little moisture

Explanation: The areas around the water-courses have less moisture. Hence, Jowar and Bajra are grown in areas that have little moisture.

Answer: (c) Over extraction of groundwater

Explanation: It refers to the excess withdrawal of the ground water with the help of tube-wells. It can lower the water table and can create a dry surrounding. A water table is an area between the soil surface and the rock sediments.

Answer: (d) Deltas

Explanation: Brackish water is found in river deltas that are generally covered by the mangrove forests.

Answer: (c) Both (a) and (b)

Explanation: Eutrophication is caused due to various factors, such as excessive use of fertilizers, etc., that cause an increase in nutrients. These nutrients increase the underwater vegetation in aquatic ecosystems. It further leads to the destruction of the habitat beneath it.

Answer: (c) South-east zone

Explanation: South-east zone is not rich in species. Hence, it is not considered as a Biogeographic zone of India. The region known for its plants and animal species is known as the Biogeographic region.

Answer: (b) June 5^th

Explanation: Environment day is celebrated on June 5 to remind and people aware of protecting the environment.

Answer: (b) Destroys life

Explanation: The ants play an essential role in existence of life on Earth. The absence of ants may increase the population of termites. Ants introduce air into the soil that allows the water and oxygen to reach the roots in the soil. Hence, the absence of ants may destroy life on the Earth.

Answer: (c) Caffeine

Explanation: The tea or coffee contains the drug caffeine that has various benefits, such as improved brain functioning, memory, etc.

Hence, the correct option is an answer (c).

Answer: (a) Deorais

Explanation: Deorais is the largest number of sacred groves in India. It also acts as a gene banks for wild plants.

Answer: (d) 36

Explanation: The 36 hotspots of the world specify the number of endemic species existing in a particular hotspot.

Answer: (d) All of the above

Explanation: The extinction also occurs in the bio-rich areas and constitutes a major part of the extinction. The bio-rich areas where extinction occurs are tropical forests, coral reefs, and wetlands.

Answer: (d) None of the above

Explanation: Neem is used in making indigenous medicines. The Zizyphus and tamarind are the types of small and large trees, while tamarind is a type of thorny species.

Answer: (b) Fluoride

Explanation: Fluoride enters through the drinking water and combines with the bones in a human body. It can lead to permanent joint deformities. The high fluoride concentration in the ground water is a major problem in most developing countries.

Answer: (c) Flood

Explanation: The most frequent and naturally occurring disasters across the country are floods. It arises due to the irregularities of the monsoon in various parts of the country.

Answer: (a) Tropical cyclones

Explanation: Tropics are the areas of intense low pressure. These cyclones generally occur near the equator over the warm ocean waters. Severe tropical cyclones can be 2 to 3 in a year.

Answer: (b) United Nations Conference on Environment and Development

Explanation: It was the conference organized in Rio in 1992. It shows that the environment and development of the nation are closely related. Hence, the care and protection of the Earth and its species is the need of today.

Answer: (d) Silver

Explanation: Silver is not used as a material in urban housing. It is not used in the construction of housing because it is expensive. It also lacks tensile strength and structural qualities.

Answer: (c) Poor

Explanation: Poor people suffer the most in environmental destruction. It is due to overcrowded urban areas, lack of food resources, shortage of fuel-wood, etc. It also increases the risk of diseases among the poor.

Answer: (d) Complementary and Alternative Medicine

Explanation: The traditional medicines are inexpensive and easily available.

Answer: (a) Tobacco smoking

Explanation: Almost 80% of lung cancer deaths are due to tobacco smoking. All other types of cancer are also related to tobacco chewing.

Answer: (d) All of the above

Explanation: Various factors such as proper food hygiene, improved sanitation, and safe water for drinking prevent the spread of diarrhea.

Answer: (b) Arsenic

Explanation: The presence of Arsenic in the drinking water is a serious threat to human health. It is due to the arsenic-rich rocks where the water is filtered. It results in the addition of Arsenic after passing through the rocks.

Answer: (d) Both (a) and (c)

Explanation: Hepatitis A is generally caused by food and water contamination through chemical waste, urban sewage, agriculture waste, etc.

Answer: (c) 1988

Explanation: The Forest Conservation Act was amended to create and protect the Reserve Forests for government use.

Answer: (d) All of the above

Explanation: The above gases are toxic and are restricted by the Government. The toxic nature of these gases exists beyond a prescribed level.

Answer: (a) Reduce, Reuse, Recycle

Explanation: The 3R principle states that the reduction, reuse, and recycle are the proper method to dispose the residual waste. It does not harm the environment and can be easily followed by everyone.